Built-ins

Taipan’s built-ins follow Python’s names and behavior, with types. The specification gives every rule.

Functions

Function	Notes
print(*args, sep=" ", end="\n", file=sys.stdout, flush=False)
input(), input(prompt)	raises EOFError at the end of input
open(file, mode="r", *, encoding="utf-8", newline=None)	text files; modes r, w, a, x
len(x)	lists, dicts, sets and strings (in code points)
range(stop), range(start, stop[, step])	in for loops
str(x), repr(x), hash(x)
int(x), float(x)	from a number; from a str, an optional: None if it isn’t a number
abs, round, divmod, min, max, sum	min and max take key=
sorted(xs, key=…, reverse=False)	stable
any(xs), all(xs)	of bools
map, filter, zip, enumerate	lazy iterators
list(xs), set(xs), iter(xs), next(it[, default]), anext(it[, default])
isinstance(x, C), isinstance(x, (A, B))	narrows x
super()	as super().method(…)

Methods

• list[T]: append, extend, insert, pop, remove, index, count, sort, reverse, clear, copy, contains; and, since a list is a .NET List<T>, its methods too.
• dict[K, V]: get, keys, values, items, pop, setdefault, update, remove, clear, copy.
• set[T]: add, remove, discard, pop, union, intersection, difference, issubset and the others, and the operators |, &, -, ^.
• str: upper, lower, strip, lstrip, rstrip, split, rsplit, splitlines, join, replace, find, rfind, index, count, startswith, endswith, partition, rpartition, removeprefix, removesuffix, and more, as in Python.

Modules

Module	Names
sys	argv, exit, stdin, stdout, stderr
os	environ, getenv
types	TracebackType
asyncio	run, gather, sleep, wait_for, timeout

Types

int, float, bool, str, list[T], dict[K, V], set[T], tuple[A, B, …], tuple[T, ...], T?, Callable[[A, B], R], Iterable[T], Iterator[T], Generator[Y, S, R], AsyncIterable[T], AsyncIterator[T], AsyncGenerator[Y, S], Awaitable[T], TextIO, object, py, and the protocols Comparable and Protocol.

Exception classes

As in Python: BaseException, SystemExit, GeneratorExit, Exception, ArithmeticError, ZeroDivisionError, OverflowError, LookupError, IndexError, KeyError, ValueError, UnicodeError (with UnicodeDecodeError and UnicodeEncodeError), TypeError, RuntimeError, AssertionError, StopIteration, StopAsyncIteration, EOFError, OSError with FileNotFoundError, FileExistsError, PermissionError, IsADirectoryError and TimeoutError, and asyncio.CancelledError; and Taipan’s PythonError and DotNetError, for exceptions from Python and .NET.